Born: 1864
Died: 1947
At 21, Frances "Frankie" Folsom became the youngest First Lady in history when she married the 48-year-old President, Grover Cleveland, in a White House ceremony. She had known him all her life. Her father had been Grover's law partner in Buffalo, NY. He died when Frankie was 11 and Grover became an unofficial guardian to Frankie and her mother. By the time Frankie entered Wells College, Grover, by then President, wrote and sent weekly flowers. Upon her graduation, they became secretly engaged and wed following her tour of Europe. Despite the age difference, they were by all accounts well matched.
America loved its beautiful First Lady. Women copied her hairstyle and clothes, and clever merchandisers used her face to sell their products. She started receptions on Saturdays so working women could attend, and promoted women's higher education. When Grover lost reelection to Benjamin Harrison in 1889, Frankie predicted they'd be back in the White House in four years time. She was right. In the interim, she bore her first child, a daughter who died at 12. Her next two girls arrived during Grover's second stint in office -- highlights in an otherwise difficult term. The Clevelands retired to Princeton, NJ where they completed their family with two sons. Five years after Grover died, Frankie married an archeology professor.
Twenty-Second President & Twenty-Fourth President
Grover Cleveland
Friday, November 30, 2007
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison; 1889-1893
Born: 1832
Died: 1892
Caroline Harrison was a multi-talented woman who made the most of her role as First Lady. Keenly interested in history, she became a founder and the first President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She agreed to head a fund drive for Johns Hopkins Medical School on condition that the School admit women. These pursuits were balanced by a near dogged domesticity. A grandmother when she entered the White House, "Carrie" invited her extended family to live there too. Finding the mansion in dire need of repair, she managed its first overhaul in 70 years, adding electricity. She sewed, played the piano, raised orchids and painted. A gifted watercolorist, she designed her own White House china and collected the patterns of prior Presidents.
Carrie's varied interests were encouraged by her father, a minister and Ohio college professor who made sure his three only daughters got a fine education. Carrie's wit and exuberance captivated the reserved Benjamin Harrison, a freshman at her father's school. They wed in 1853 and had two children. During Ben's rise in Indianapolis law and politics, Carrie taught Sunday school and led the Women's Club. She continued her volunteer work in Washington when Ben was a Senator and then President, but her health declined. Two weeks before Ben lost his rematch against Grover Cleveland, Carried died of tuberculosis.
Twenty-Third President
Benjamin Harrison
Died: 1892
Caroline Harrison was a multi-talented woman who made the most of her role as First Lady. Keenly interested in history, she became a founder and the first President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She agreed to head a fund drive for Johns Hopkins Medical School on condition that the School admit women. These pursuits were balanced by a near dogged domesticity. A grandmother when she entered the White House, "Carrie" invited her extended family to live there too. Finding the mansion in dire need of repair, she managed its first overhaul in 70 years, adding electricity. She sewed, played the piano, raised orchids and painted. A gifted watercolorist, she designed her own White House china and collected the patterns of prior Presidents.
Carrie's varied interests were encouraged by her father, a minister and Ohio college professor who made sure his three only daughters got a fine education. Carrie's wit and exuberance captivated the reserved Benjamin Harrison, a freshman at her father's school. They wed in 1853 and had two children. During Ben's rise in Indianapolis law and politics, Carrie taught Sunday school and led the Women's Club. She continued her volunteer work in Washington when Ben was a Senator and then President, but her health declined. Two weeks before Ben lost his rematch against Grover Cleveland, Carried died of tuberculosis.
Twenty-Third President
Benjamin Harrison
Ida Saxton McKinley; 1897-1901
Born: 1847
Died: 1907
Growing up in Ohio as the privileged daughter of one of the town's leading families, Ida Saxton was attractive, confident and strong-willed. After completing school and a grand tour of Europe, she went to work at her father's bank and met newcomer William McKinley, a lawyer three years her senior. Right away she took to calling him "Major" because of his rank in the Union Army. They wed in 1871, but Ida's happiness was short lived. Within five years, she lost her two children, her mother, and her health, developing epilepsy and depression. An invalid for the rest of her life, she nonetheless accompanied William throughout his political rise -- as Congressman, Governor and President. For his part, William did everything possible to satisfy Ida's needs. He campaigned for President from his Ohio front porch so she could be nearby. A docile man, McKinley was influenced by others -- his monied supporters, the newspapers, his wife. She urged him to retain the Philippines following the Spanish-American War so the native peoples could be Christianized.
As First Lady, Ida received guests, but held a bouquet to discourage tiring handshaking. She sat next to William at dinners so he could cover her face with a handkerchief if she had a seizure. But mostly, she knit slippers, donating hundreds of pairs to charity. When William was shot and fatally injured in his second term, his first worry was how Ida would be told.
Twenty-Fifth President
William McKinley
Died: 1907
Growing up in Ohio as the privileged daughter of one of the town's leading families, Ida Saxton was attractive, confident and strong-willed. After completing school and a grand tour of Europe, she went to work at her father's bank and met newcomer William McKinley, a lawyer three years her senior. Right away she took to calling him "Major" because of his rank in the Union Army. They wed in 1871, but Ida's happiness was short lived. Within five years, she lost her two children, her mother, and her health, developing epilepsy and depression. An invalid for the rest of her life, she nonetheless accompanied William throughout his political rise -- as Congressman, Governor and President. For his part, William did everything possible to satisfy Ida's needs. He campaigned for President from his Ohio front porch so she could be nearby. A docile man, McKinley was influenced by others -- his monied supporters, the newspapers, his wife. She urged him to retain the Philippines following the Spanish-American War so the native peoples could be Christianized.
As First Lady, Ida received guests, but held a bouquet to discourage tiring handshaking. She sat next to William at dinners so he could cover her face with a handkerchief if she had a seizure. But mostly, she knit slippers, donating hundreds of pairs to charity. When William was shot and fatally injured in his second term, his first worry was how Ida would be told.
Twenty-Fifth President
William McKinley
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt; 1901-1909
Born: 1861
Died: 1948
Edith Carow and Theodore Roosevelt grew up in neighboring brownstones on New York City's posh Union Square. Two years apart, "Edie" was best friends with Teddy's sister and often visited the family at their summer home in Oyster Bay. In 1880, Edie attended Teddy's wedding to a beauty he'd met at Harvard, Alice Lee. When Alice died in childbirth in 1884, her grief-stricken husband took their baby, Alice, to a Dakota ranch to heal. He returned to New York in 1885 and married Edie the next year. She was private and reserved, he was flamboyant and loved the spotlight, but together they made a perfect pair. Edie provided five sturdy children (she also raised Alice), a stable and well-organized domestic life, intelligent but never intrusive company, and an intrepid spirit that rivaled Teddy's own.
McKinley's assassination thrust the Roosevelts into the White House. Teddy at 42 was already a celebrity because of his exploits in the Spanish-American War, but now the public was fascinated with his boisterous family as well. Determined to protect their privacy, Edie organized access, hiring a social secretary, fashioning protocol, and supervising media relations. The construction of a new office wing enabled her to renovate the White House living quarters, and she hung portraits of the First Ladies, including her own, downstairs.
Twenty-Sixth President
Theodore Roosevelt
Died: 1948
Edith Carow and Theodore Roosevelt grew up in neighboring brownstones on New York City's posh Union Square. Two years apart, "Edie" was best friends with Teddy's sister and often visited the family at their summer home in Oyster Bay. In 1880, Edie attended Teddy's wedding to a beauty he'd met at Harvard, Alice Lee. When Alice died in childbirth in 1884, her grief-stricken husband took their baby, Alice, to a Dakota ranch to heal. He returned to New York in 1885 and married Edie the next year. She was private and reserved, he was flamboyant and loved the spotlight, but together they made a perfect pair. Edie provided five sturdy children (she also raised Alice), a stable and well-organized domestic life, intelligent but never intrusive company, and an intrepid spirit that rivaled Teddy's own.
McKinley's assassination thrust the Roosevelts into the White House. Teddy at 42 was already a celebrity because of his exploits in the Spanish-American War, but now the public was fascinated with his boisterous family as well. Determined to protect their privacy, Edie organized access, hiring a social secretary, fashioning protocol, and supervising media relations. The construction of a new office wing enabled her to renovate the White House living quarters, and she hung portraits of the First Ladies, including her own, downstairs.
Twenty-Sixth President
Theodore Roosevelt
Helen Herron Taft; 1909-1913
Born: 1861
Died: 1943
Helen "Nellie" Herron and Will Taft seemed destined to become man and wife. Both were raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, by political families with ties to the White House. As a teenager, Nellie visited the Hayes White House and thought of becoming First Lady one day. Ever ambitious, Nellie was a 22-year-old teacher when she organized a weekly literary discussion group and invited 25-year-old Will, a fledgling attorney, to join. Three years later, they wed. While Will rose in judicial office, Nellie raised three children and helped found Cincinnati's symphony orchestra. But she aspired to a larger stage and was thrilled when Will became America's first Governor in the Philippines in 1900. In the course of four years, Nellie explored the Far East and became an accomplished hostess, much appreciated by the Filipino people. On a visit to Japan, she fell in love with the many flowering cherry trees.
Back in America, Will came under consideration for a U.S. Supreme Court vacancy. He favored the appointment, but his wife did not, preferring a run for the Presidency. When he won the White House, Nellie was happier than he. Unfortunately, a few months later, she suffered a stroke and took a year to recover. Besides resuming the social duties she loved, Nellie influenced several cabinet appointments. But her most lasting contribution was planting the beautiful Japanese cherry trees that surround the Tidal Basin.
Twenty-Seventh President
William Howard Taft
Died: 1943
Helen "Nellie" Herron and Will Taft seemed destined to become man and wife. Both were raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, by political families with ties to the White House. As a teenager, Nellie visited the Hayes White House and thought of becoming First Lady one day. Ever ambitious, Nellie was a 22-year-old teacher when she organized a weekly literary discussion group and invited 25-year-old Will, a fledgling attorney, to join. Three years later, they wed. While Will rose in judicial office, Nellie raised three children and helped found Cincinnati's symphony orchestra. But she aspired to a larger stage and was thrilled when Will became America's first Governor in the Philippines in 1900. In the course of four years, Nellie explored the Far East and became an accomplished hostess, much appreciated by the Filipino people. On a visit to Japan, she fell in love with the many flowering cherry trees.
Back in America, Will came under consideration for a U.S. Supreme Court vacancy. He favored the appointment, but his wife did not, preferring a run for the Presidency. When he won the White House, Nellie was happier than he. Unfortunately, a few months later, she suffered a stroke and took a year to recover. Besides resuming the social duties she loved, Nellie influenced several cabinet appointments. But her most lasting contribution was planting the beautiful Japanese cherry trees that surround the Tidal Basin.
Twenty-Seventh President
William Howard Taft
Ellen Louise Axson Wilson; 1913-1921
Born: 1860
Died: 1914
Ellen Axson and Woodrow Wilson shared a common heritage. Their fathers were both Presbyterian ministers in the South. Ellen grew up in Rome, Georgia, the oldest of four children. She helped raise her siblings after her mother died, but her passion was art. At 22, she went to New York City to study at the Art Students League. Besides painting, she took in lectures by social reformers and volunteered at a mission school. She also kept up a correspondence with 25-year-old Woodrow, a lawyer she'd met at her father's church who was off pursuing his Ph.D. After marrying in 1885, Woodrow taught at successive colleges while Ellen raised their three girls. Sharing her husband's interest in public policy, she contributed ideas for his speeches at Princeton and later in politics. He considered her his greatest advisor.
Ellen was First Lady for only 17 months before she died at 54 of Bright's disease. But in that time, she accomplished much. Appalled by the slums in Washington, Ellen motivated Congress to enact housing reform -- the Alley Dwelling Act of 1914. She also continued painting (her work was well-received by experts), and promoted the crafts of the Appalachian women. And, within a six month period, she held White House weddings for two of her daughters.
Twenty-Eighth President
Woodrow Wilson
Died: 1914
Ellen Axson and Woodrow Wilson shared a common heritage. Their fathers were both Presbyterian ministers in the South. Ellen grew up in Rome, Georgia, the oldest of four children. She helped raise her siblings after her mother died, but her passion was art. At 22, she went to New York City to study at the Art Students League. Besides painting, she took in lectures by social reformers and volunteered at a mission school. She also kept up a correspondence with 25-year-old Woodrow, a lawyer she'd met at her father's church who was off pursuing his Ph.D. After marrying in 1885, Woodrow taught at successive colleges while Ellen raised their three girls. Sharing her husband's interest in public policy, she contributed ideas for his speeches at Princeton and later in politics. He considered her his greatest advisor.
Ellen was First Lady for only 17 months before she died at 54 of Bright's disease. But in that time, she accomplished much. Appalled by the slums in Washington, Ellen motivated Congress to enact housing reform -- the Alley Dwelling Act of 1914. She also continued painting (her work was well-received by experts), and promoted the crafts of the Appalachian women. And, within a six month period, she held White House weddings for two of her daughters.
Twenty-Eighth President
Woodrow Wilson
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson; 1913-1921
Born: 1872
Died: 1961
Edith Bolling grew up in a small Virginia town where her father settled after losing his plantation in the Civil War. Starting over as a rural lawyer and judge, he barely managed to support his 11 children. With money scarce, Edith received little formal education but she was a quick study and learned from those around her. At 18, she met Washington jeweler Norman Galt while on a visit to her sister. She married him at 24 and bore their only child who lived just days. A widow at 36, Edith's inheritance allowed her to continue a sophisticated lifestyle complete with trips to Europe and haute couture. She was visiting the White House at age 43 when she met the recently-widowed President, 58-year-old Woodrow Wilson. Sparks flew and the couple wed in 1915.
As First Lady, Edith was her husband's biggest booster and a plucky role model for a nation at war. She led conservation drives, raised funds, and volunteered for the Red Cross. Behind the scenes, she learned the Allies' secret code and deciphered dispatches from the front. Edith accompanied Woodrow to the Paris Peace Conference, and after his crippling stroke in 1919, she rigidly controlled access to his sick room. Determined to protect his fragile health, she picked which matters to present to him when. After leaving the White House in 1921, Edith and Woodrow had three more years together. She survived him by 37 years.
Twenty-Eighth President
Woodrow Wilson
Died: 1961
Edith Bolling grew up in a small Virginia town where her father settled after losing his plantation in the Civil War. Starting over as a rural lawyer and judge, he barely managed to support his 11 children. With money scarce, Edith received little formal education but she was a quick study and learned from those around her. At 18, she met Washington jeweler Norman Galt while on a visit to her sister. She married him at 24 and bore their only child who lived just days. A widow at 36, Edith's inheritance allowed her to continue a sophisticated lifestyle complete with trips to Europe and haute couture. She was visiting the White House at age 43 when she met the recently-widowed President, 58-year-old Woodrow Wilson. Sparks flew and the couple wed in 1915.
As First Lady, Edith was her husband's biggest booster and a plucky role model for a nation at war. She led conservation drives, raised funds, and volunteered for the Red Cross. Behind the scenes, she learned the Allies' secret code and deciphered dispatches from the front. Edith accompanied Woodrow to the Paris Peace Conference, and after his crippling stroke in 1919, she rigidly controlled access to his sick room. Determined to protect his fragile health, she picked which matters to present to him when. After leaving the White House in 1921, Edith and Woodrow had three more years together. She survived him by 37 years.
Twenty-Eighth President
Woodrow Wilson
Florence Kling Harding; 1921-1923
Born: 1860
Died: 1924
Florence Kling took after her father, a rich and iron-willed Ohio entrepreneur. He taught her business and sent her to music school, but at 19 she eloped with ne'er-do-well Henry DeWolfe and bore her only child. Divorced at 25, Florence was teaching piano when she fell in love with the glib and handsome, but hopelessly malleable Warren Harding. Five years her junior, he published the local newspaper, the Marion Star. With their marriage in 1891 Florence could at last put her business acumen to use. As circulation and advertising manager she boosted the Star's revenues and its profile until it was one of the most influential dailies in the state. Then she turned her energies to Warren's political career, promoting his 20-year rise to the White House.
First Lady at 61, Florence had her work cut out for her. Warren was woefully unsuited for the Presidency and both Hardings suffered from illness and stress. Moreover, a fortune teller had given Florence the unsettling advice that her husband would die in office. But "the Duchess," as Warren called his wife, forged ahead, ignoring her husband's infidelities, his drinking parties (it was Prohibition), his cronyism, and focused on work, helping veterans, meeting the public, and cultivating the press. She was with the President when he died on a trip out West, just as the scandals of his Administration were coming to light.
Twenty-Ninth President
Warren G. Harding
Died: 1924
Florence Kling took after her father, a rich and iron-willed Ohio entrepreneur. He taught her business and sent her to music school, but at 19 she eloped with ne'er-do-well Henry DeWolfe and bore her only child. Divorced at 25, Florence was teaching piano when she fell in love with the glib and handsome, but hopelessly malleable Warren Harding. Five years her junior, he published the local newspaper, the Marion Star. With their marriage in 1891 Florence could at last put her business acumen to use. As circulation and advertising manager she boosted the Star's revenues and its profile until it was one of the most influential dailies in the state. Then she turned her energies to Warren's political career, promoting his 20-year rise to the White House.
First Lady at 61, Florence had her work cut out for her. Warren was woefully unsuited for the Presidency and both Hardings suffered from illness and stress. Moreover, a fortune teller had given Florence the unsettling advice that her husband would die in office. But "the Duchess," as Warren called his wife, forged ahead, ignoring her husband's infidelities, his drinking parties (it was Prohibition), his cronyism, and focused on work, helping veterans, meeting the public, and cultivating the press. She was with the President when he died on a trip out West, just as the scandals of his Administration were coming to light.
Twenty-Ninth President
Warren G. Harding
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge; 1923-1929
Born: 1879
Died: 1957
A cherished only child from Burlington, Vermont, Grace Coolidge was her husband's alter ego. While he was taciturn and frugal to a fault, she was fashionable, generous, and gay, far more attuned than Calvin to the styles and mores of the Jazz Age. After college, Grace taught deaf children in Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin, a lawyer and aspiring politician seven years her senior. They wed in 1905 and as Calvin rose in state politics, Grace raised their two sons. During his tenure in Boston as Lt. Governor and Governor, he left his family in Northampton to save on expenses. A legendary tightwad, Calvin's one indulgence was buying stylish clothes for his wife.
The Harding-Coolidge victory of 1921 brought the Coolidges to Washington where Grace quickly became the darling of capitol society. Her warmth and humor then charmed the nation after Calvin inherited the Presidency. By poking fun at Calvin's famous reserve, Grace made him appear more likeable. But she herself avoided politics, becoming a symbol of compassion even as her husband earned a reputation for steadfast indifference to social causes and the growing gap between rich and poor. Calvin's win in 1924 was overshadowed by the recent sudden death of his teenage son. Though both Coolidges put up a brave front, they were relived to retire to Northampton at the end of the term.
Thirtieth President
Calvin Coolidge
Died: 1957
A cherished only child from Burlington, Vermont, Grace Coolidge was her husband's alter ego. While he was taciturn and frugal to a fault, she was fashionable, generous, and gay, far more attuned than Calvin to the styles and mores of the Jazz Age. After college, Grace taught deaf children in Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin, a lawyer and aspiring politician seven years her senior. They wed in 1905 and as Calvin rose in state politics, Grace raised their two sons. During his tenure in Boston as Lt. Governor and Governor, he left his family in Northampton to save on expenses. A legendary tightwad, Calvin's one indulgence was buying stylish clothes for his wife.
The Harding-Coolidge victory of 1921 brought the Coolidges to Washington where Grace quickly became the darling of capitol society. Her warmth and humor then charmed the nation after Calvin inherited the Presidency. By poking fun at Calvin's famous reserve, Grace made him appear more likeable. But she herself avoided politics, becoming a symbol of compassion even as her husband earned a reputation for steadfast indifference to social causes and the growing gap between rich and poor. Calvin's win in 1924 was overshadowed by the recent sudden death of his teenage son. Though both Coolidges put up a brave front, they were relived to retire to Northampton at the end of the term.
Thirtieth President
Calvin Coolidge
Lou Henry Hoover; 1929-1933
Born: 1874
Died: 1944
Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover were kindred souls. They were born the same year in Iowa, both imbued with a Midwestern devotion to hard work and honest ambition. They also shared a passion for business, science, politics, and the great outdoors. Indeed, it was their mutual interest in geology that brought them together at Stanford University where Lou was the first woman to earn a geology degree. After marrying in 1899, Lou joined "Bert" on his mining expeditions around the world. They lived in China during the Boxer Rebellion, England, France, Russia, Burma, Egypt, Australia, Korea and Japan, with their two sons in tow. Fluent in five languages, Lou translated a significant Latin text on metals.
A millionaire by World War I, Bert turned to public service. After running the food relief program in Europe, he became Commerce Secretary, then President. For her part, Lou urged the nation's women to become active in all aspects of American life -- politics, sports, charity, work, and homemaking. She practiced what she preached. Lou headed the Girl Scouts, catalogued White House treasures, gave to the needy and designed a Presidential retreat. She also overcame her aversion to the press and used the radio to mobilize voluntary support for the poor during the Depression. But the Hoovers' own dogged self-reliance prevented them from favoring the type of massive federal assistance the American majority wanted, and got in the next election.
Thirty-First President
Herbert Hoover
Died: 1944
Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover were kindred souls. They were born the same year in Iowa, both imbued with a Midwestern devotion to hard work and honest ambition. They also shared a passion for business, science, politics, and the great outdoors. Indeed, it was their mutual interest in geology that brought them together at Stanford University where Lou was the first woman to earn a geology degree. After marrying in 1899, Lou joined "Bert" on his mining expeditions around the world. They lived in China during the Boxer Rebellion, England, France, Russia, Burma, Egypt, Australia, Korea and Japan, with their two sons in tow. Fluent in five languages, Lou translated a significant Latin text on metals.
A millionaire by World War I, Bert turned to public service. After running the food relief program in Europe, he became Commerce Secretary, then President. For her part, Lou urged the nation's women to become active in all aspects of American life -- politics, sports, charity, work, and homemaking. She practiced what she preached. Lou headed the Girl Scouts, catalogued White House treasures, gave to the needy and designed a Presidential retreat. She also overcame her aversion to the press and used the radio to mobilize voluntary support for the poor during the Depression. But the Hoovers' own dogged self-reliance prevented them from favoring the type of massive federal assistance the American majority wanted, and got in the next election.
Thirty-First President
Herbert Hoover
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt; 1933-1945
Born: 1884
Died: 1962
Eleanor Roosevelt had a sad childhood despite her New York City family's wealth and prominence. Her mother was a beauty disappointed in Eleanor's looks, and her father, Teddy Roosevelt's brother, was a loving but unreliable alcoholic. Both died before Eleanor was 10, when she joined her strict grandmother. At English boarding school Eleanor gained confidence and purpose, returning home and volunteering at a New York settlement house. Her idealism impressed Franklin Roosevelt, her fifth cousin. They wed in 1905, President Teddy Roosevelt giving the bride away. With five children and a domineering mother-in-law, Eleanor drew strength from community work. As Franklin became immersed in politics, so did she, linking him to his party and the public after he contracted polio in 1921.
By the time Eleanor got to the White House, she was used to being Franklin's "eyes and ears," going where his legs couldn't take him and reporting what she saw. But she went further as First Lady, becoming an indefatigable champion of the poor and the powerless. A demoralized America loved her for it and even her enemies admired her devotion to social justice. An early advocate for American blacks, Eleanor helped bring minorities and women into the Democratic party. She wrote a daily column, held press conferences, and tirelessly toured the nation. During World War II, she visited U.S. troops in Europe and Asia. After Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor remained a leader in human rights.
Thirty-Second President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Died: 1962
Eleanor Roosevelt had a sad childhood despite her New York City family's wealth and prominence. Her mother was a beauty disappointed in Eleanor's looks, and her father, Teddy Roosevelt's brother, was a loving but unreliable alcoholic. Both died before Eleanor was 10, when she joined her strict grandmother. At English boarding school Eleanor gained confidence and purpose, returning home and volunteering at a New York settlement house. Her idealism impressed Franklin Roosevelt, her fifth cousin. They wed in 1905, President Teddy Roosevelt giving the bride away. With five children and a domineering mother-in-law, Eleanor drew strength from community work. As Franklin became immersed in politics, so did she, linking him to his party and the public after he contracted polio in 1921.
By the time Eleanor got to the White House, she was used to being Franklin's "eyes and ears," going where his legs couldn't take him and reporting what she saw. But she went further as First Lady, becoming an indefatigable champion of the poor and the powerless. A demoralized America loved her for it and even her enemies admired her devotion to social justice. An early advocate for American blacks, Eleanor helped bring minorities and women into the Democratic party. She wrote a daily column, held press conferences, and tirelessly toured the nation. During World War II, she visited U.S. troops in Europe and Asia. After Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor remained a leader in human rights.
Thirty-Second President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Wallace Truman; 1945-1953
Born: 1885
Died: 1982
Bess Wallace and Harry Truman met as children in Sunday school in Independence, Missouri. For Harry it was love at first sight, but Bess was not so smitten. Many years would pass before she wed her ardent suitor at age 34, years in which she enjoyed a privileged upbringing, excelled at tennis, attended finishing school, and, after her father's suicide, helped run her mother's house. By the time Bess wed Harry in 1919, her independence was well established. It didn't help that Harry, who'd been a farmer, had no head for business. When he briefly operated a haberdashery (it went under), she was his bookkeeper. She held the purse strings throughout their marriage, and was always one of his most influential advisors.
Elected to the Senate in 1934, Harry hired Bess as his office assistant. She advised him on speeches and campaign strategy, but preferred Independence to Washington. Upset when Harry became the Vice-Presidential nominee in 1944, she was stunned when FDR's death made him President. A reluctant First lady, the antithesis of her predecessor, Bess abhorred publicity. Though she fulfilled her hostessing duties, her larger role was behind the scenes, advising Harry on everything from cultural exchange programs to the atom bomb. During his 1948 whistlestop campaign across America, Harry would jokingly introduce his wife and daughter as "the Boss" and "the Boss's Boss." It must have struck a chord.
Thirty-Third President
Harry S. Truman
Died: 1982
Bess Wallace and Harry Truman met as children in Sunday school in Independence, Missouri. For Harry it was love at first sight, but Bess was not so smitten. Many years would pass before she wed her ardent suitor at age 34, years in which she enjoyed a privileged upbringing, excelled at tennis, attended finishing school, and, after her father's suicide, helped run her mother's house. By the time Bess wed Harry in 1919, her independence was well established. It didn't help that Harry, who'd been a farmer, had no head for business. When he briefly operated a haberdashery (it went under), she was his bookkeeper. She held the purse strings throughout their marriage, and was always one of his most influential advisors.
Elected to the Senate in 1934, Harry hired Bess as his office assistant. She advised him on speeches and campaign strategy, but preferred Independence to Washington. Upset when Harry became the Vice-Presidential nominee in 1944, she was stunned when FDR's death made him President. A reluctant First lady, the antithesis of her predecessor, Bess abhorred publicity. Though she fulfilled her hostessing duties, her larger role was behind the scenes, advising Harry on everything from cultural exchange programs to the atom bomb. During his 1948 whistlestop campaign across America, Harry would jokingly introduce his wife and daughter as "the Boss" and "the Boss's Boss." It must have struck a chord.
Thirty-Third President
Harry S. Truman
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower; 1953-1961
Born: 1896
Died: 1979
The decade of the 1950's was the most domestic in U.S. history as soldiers returned from the war to build homes and families in record numbers. It was fitting, then, that war hero Dwight Eisenhower should bring to the White House a woman who perfectly embodied the qualities women aspired to in the post-war years. Mamie Doud was a homebody, content to remain in her husband's shadow, supportive, gregarious, a lively hostess, a fine housekeeper. Born into a wealthy Iowa family, Mamie grew up in Denver, where she attended finishing school, and spent winters in San Antonio. There the popular debutante met Dwight, a young Army officer stationed nearby. They wed in 1916 and had two sons. The death of the eldest at four was a lifelong blow to both parents.
A loyal Army wife, Mamie followed her husband from base to base, from France to Panama to the Philippines. While Ike led the Allied troops in World War II, Mamie remained in Washington and became popular with reporters. A great asset to her husband during both his Presidential campaigns, Mamie kept a low profile as First Lady, avoiding controversy and focusing on entertaining, decorating (her favorite shade was pink), and fundraising for charities like the American Heart Association -- particularly after Ike suffered a serious heart attack in 1955. Despite her worries for his health, Mamie supported Ike in his desire for a second term, then gladly retired with him to Gettysburg.
Thirty-Fourth President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Died: 1979
The decade of the 1950's was the most domestic in U.S. history as soldiers returned from the war to build homes and families in record numbers. It was fitting, then, that war hero Dwight Eisenhower should bring to the White House a woman who perfectly embodied the qualities women aspired to in the post-war years. Mamie Doud was a homebody, content to remain in her husband's shadow, supportive, gregarious, a lively hostess, a fine housekeeper. Born into a wealthy Iowa family, Mamie grew up in Denver, where she attended finishing school, and spent winters in San Antonio. There the popular debutante met Dwight, a young Army officer stationed nearby. They wed in 1916 and had two sons. The death of the eldest at four was a lifelong blow to both parents.
A loyal Army wife, Mamie followed her husband from base to base, from France to Panama to the Philippines. While Ike led the Allied troops in World War II, Mamie remained in Washington and became popular with reporters. A great asset to her husband during both his Presidential campaigns, Mamie kept a low profile as First Lady, avoiding controversy and focusing on entertaining, decorating (her favorite shade was pink), and fundraising for charities like the American Heart Association -- particularly after Ike suffered a serious heart attack in 1955. Despite her worries for his health, Mamie supported Ike in his desire for a second term, then gladly retired with him to Gettysburg.
Thirty-Fourth President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis; 1961-1963
Born: 1929
Died: 1994
Jackie Bouvier grew up in "society" in New York, Newport and northern Virginia. Although Catholic, Jackie's parents were divorced. Her father, a handsome Wall Street broker and bon vivant, was also a spender and a drinker. But he and Jackie, his firstborn, adored each other. Raised by her mother and wealthy stepfather, Jackie rode horses, went to prep school, studied in Paris, was "Debutante of the Year," and graduated college. She was a Washington news photographer when she met Jack Kennedy, a rich and handsome Congressman 12 years her senior. They wed in 1953, Jack by then a Senator and aiming higher. Jackie helped his campaigns, writing a "Campaign Wife" column and meeting with the press, but her heart's desire was children. She bore four, but only two survived.
First Lady at 31, Jackie brought youth, beauty and exquisite taste to the White House. Her first priority was her little ones, whose antics delighted the nation. But she also undertook the historic restoration of the White House, helped preserve Lafayette Square, and pushed for government funding for the arts. A glamorous hostess, Jackie invited leading artists and intellectuals to the White House and charmed statesmen around the world. Supremely dignified throughout the ordeal of her husband's assassination, she then left political life but never escaped the spotlight. Wed to tycoon Aristotle Onassis from 1968 till his 1975 death, Jackie then became an editor in New York. She died at home at 65.
Thirty-Fifth President
John F. Kennedy
Died: 1994
Jackie Bouvier grew up in "society" in New York, Newport and northern Virginia. Although Catholic, Jackie's parents were divorced. Her father, a handsome Wall Street broker and bon vivant, was also a spender and a drinker. But he and Jackie, his firstborn, adored each other. Raised by her mother and wealthy stepfather, Jackie rode horses, went to prep school, studied in Paris, was "Debutante of the Year," and graduated college. She was a Washington news photographer when she met Jack Kennedy, a rich and handsome Congressman 12 years her senior. They wed in 1953, Jack by then a Senator and aiming higher. Jackie helped his campaigns, writing a "Campaign Wife" column and meeting with the press, but her heart's desire was children. She bore four, but only two survived.
First Lady at 31, Jackie brought youth, beauty and exquisite taste to the White House. Her first priority was her little ones, whose antics delighted the nation. But she also undertook the historic restoration of the White House, helped preserve Lafayette Square, and pushed for government funding for the arts. A glamorous hostess, Jackie invited leading artists and intellectuals to the White House and charmed statesmen around the world. Supremely dignified throughout the ordeal of her husband's assassination, she then left political life but never escaped the spotlight. Wed to tycoon Aristotle Onassis from 1968 till his 1975 death, Jackie then became an editor in New York. She died at home at 65.
Thirty-Fifth President
John F. Kennedy
Tuesday, November 27, 2007
Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson; 1963-1969
Born: 1912
Died: 2007
Lady Bird Johnson overcame shyness to become one of America's most active First Ladies. Daughter of a wealthy Texas farmer, she was the family baby and only girl. Nicknamed Lady Bird at two, she lost her mother at five. Often left alone, she sought comfort in the beauty of the landscape. After graduating college in 1934, she met Lyndon, a flamboyant 26-year-old congressional aide, and married him two months later. She financed his first Congressional campaign in 1937, then ran his House and Senate offices when the military (1941) and heart attack (1948) kept him away. She also managed their broadcasting business and raised their two daughters. Emboldened by a public speaking course, Lady Bird campaigned hard for the Kennedy-Johnson ticket in 1960. In 1963, she watched Lyndon take the oath of office aboard Air Force One after JFK's assassination.
As First Lady, Lady Bird strove to "beautify America," focusing attention on the country's precious natural flora and the dangers posed by unchecked development. She spurred legislation to keep billboards off national highways and plant wildflowers instead. She also worked for passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act, promoted the Head Start program and used her position to open doors for women in government. Widowed in 1973, Lady Bird remained active in civic endeavors in her hometown of Austin, Texas, where in 1982 she founded the National Wildflower Research Center.
Thirty-Sixth President
Lyndon B. Johnson
Died: 2007
Lady Bird Johnson overcame shyness to become one of America's most active First Ladies. Daughter of a wealthy Texas farmer, she was the family baby and only girl. Nicknamed Lady Bird at two, she lost her mother at five. Often left alone, she sought comfort in the beauty of the landscape. After graduating college in 1934, she met Lyndon, a flamboyant 26-year-old congressional aide, and married him two months later. She financed his first Congressional campaign in 1937, then ran his House and Senate offices when the military (1941) and heart attack (1948) kept him away. She also managed their broadcasting business and raised their two daughters. Emboldened by a public speaking course, Lady Bird campaigned hard for the Kennedy-Johnson ticket in 1960. In 1963, she watched Lyndon take the oath of office aboard Air Force One after JFK's assassination.
As First Lady, Lady Bird strove to "beautify America," focusing attention on the country's precious natural flora and the dangers posed by unchecked development. She spurred legislation to keep billboards off national highways and plant wildflowers instead. She also worked for passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act, promoted the Head Start program and used her position to open doors for women in government. Widowed in 1973, Lady Bird remained active in civic endeavors in her hometown of Austin, Texas, where in 1982 she founded the National Wildflower Research Center.
Thirty-Sixth President
Lyndon B. Johnson
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon; 1969-1974
Born: 1912
Died: 1993
Thelma Ryan was born the night before St. Patrick's Day. Right then her Irish father, who worked in a Nevada silver mine, decided he'd call her "Pat." Childhood ended early for Pat. Her mother died and her father developed lung disease, and Pat assumed responsibility for herself and two brothers. She attended school and held down paying jobs in her free hours, at first doing chores on the family's California farm and later working as a sales clerk, teacher's aide, movie extra, janitor, and bank clerk. After college, Pat became a teacher in Whittier, where she met Richard Nixon, a young lawyer whose industry rivaled her won. A man with lofty ambitions, "Dick" was not one to take no for an answer. He wooed Pat till he won her. They wed in 1940 and had two daughters.
Pat did not share her husband's love for politics, but she believed in being a supportive wife and worked dutifully on all his campaigns. As First Lady, Pat accompanied Dick to the Soviet Union and China, earning the respect of reporters as an intelligent and candid spokeswoman for the President. She also made solo visits to Africa and South America. Pat liked to open the White House. She made it wheelchair accessible and launched garden tours and evening Christmastime tours, and she continued with the restoration Jackie Kennedy began, carefully adding hundreds of important pieces to the collection. But Watergate took a heavy toll on Pat, who stoically stood by her husband throughout his ordeal.
Thirty-Seventh President
Richard M. Nixon
Died: 1993
Thelma Ryan was born the night before St. Patrick's Day. Right then her Irish father, who worked in a Nevada silver mine, decided he'd call her "Pat." Childhood ended early for Pat. Her mother died and her father developed lung disease, and Pat assumed responsibility for herself and two brothers. She attended school and held down paying jobs in her free hours, at first doing chores on the family's California farm and later working as a sales clerk, teacher's aide, movie extra, janitor, and bank clerk. After college, Pat became a teacher in Whittier, where she met Richard Nixon, a young lawyer whose industry rivaled her won. A man with lofty ambitions, "Dick" was not one to take no for an answer. He wooed Pat till he won her. They wed in 1940 and had two daughters.
Pat did not share her husband's love for politics, but she believed in being a supportive wife and worked dutifully on all his campaigns. As First Lady, Pat accompanied Dick to the Soviet Union and China, earning the respect of reporters as an intelligent and candid spokeswoman for the President. She also made solo visits to Africa and South America. Pat liked to open the White House. She made it wheelchair accessible and launched garden tours and evening Christmastime tours, and she continued with the restoration Jackie Kennedy began, carefully adding hundreds of important pieces to the collection. But Watergate took a heavy toll on Pat, who stoically stood by her husband throughout his ordeal.
Thirty-Seventh President
Richard M. Nixon
Elizabeth "Betty" Bloomer Ford; 1974-1977
Born: 1918
Betty Ford was a new kind of First Lady; gutsy, independent, and forthright. Growing up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Betty aspired to be a professional dancer. She took classes at Bennington College, then spent two years in New York City studying with choreographer Martha Graham and supporting herself as a runway model. Returning home, Betty taught dance, started a troupe, and eventually became a fashion buyer. After a five-year marriage ended in divorce, she met lawyer and aspiring politician Gerald Ford. They wed in 1948, just before Jerry won the Congressional seat he would hold for the next 25 years. The Fords moved to Washington and Betty raised four children while Jerry rose in Republican politics.
A year after Jerry replaced Spiro Agnew as Nixon's Vice-President, Nixon himself resigned and the Fords were thrust into the White House. Betty's candor was a tonic to a nation wary of political figures. Other First Ladies had held political views that differed at times from their husbands' but they didn't express them publicly. Betty did. She was an outspoken proponent of the Equal Rights Amendment and the Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion. She was equally forthcoming about personal challenges, such as her 1974 battle with breast cancer, and years later, her treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. In 1982, she helped found the Betty Ford Center for others in recovery.
Thirty-Eighth President
Gerald R. Ford
Betty Ford was a new kind of First Lady; gutsy, independent, and forthright. Growing up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Betty aspired to be a professional dancer. She took classes at Bennington College, then spent two years in New York City studying with choreographer Martha Graham and supporting herself as a runway model. Returning home, Betty taught dance, started a troupe, and eventually became a fashion buyer. After a five-year marriage ended in divorce, she met lawyer and aspiring politician Gerald Ford. They wed in 1948, just before Jerry won the Congressional seat he would hold for the next 25 years. The Fords moved to Washington and Betty raised four children while Jerry rose in Republican politics.
A year after Jerry replaced Spiro Agnew as Nixon's Vice-President, Nixon himself resigned and the Fords were thrust into the White House. Betty's candor was a tonic to a nation wary of political figures. Other First Ladies had held political views that differed at times from their husbands' but they didn't express them publicly. Betty did. She was an outspoken proponent of the Equal Rights Amendment and the Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion. She was equally forthcoming about personal challenges, such as her 1974 battle with breast cancer, and years later, her treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. In 1982, she helped found the Betty Ford Center for others in recovery.
Thirty-Eighth President
Gerald R. Ford
Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter; 1977-1981
Born: 1927
Rosalynn Smith grew up in Plains, Georgia, the oldest of four children of an auto mechanic and a seamstress. After losing her father at 14, she helped shoulder the household burdens while still graduating valedictorian of her high school class. She spent one year at college, then wed Plains' Annapolis midshipman Jimmy Carter in 1946. Rosalynn loved being a Navy wife, living in new places and starting a family (she eventually had four children). She was crushed when Jimmy was called back to Plains in 1953 to run his family's peanut farm. But she pitched in at the office and eventually ran the operation while Jimmy rose in Georgia politics. When he became Governor in 1971, she led the effort to overhaul the state's mental health system. By the time he became President, the Carters were used to working as partners.
As First Lady Rosalynn broke new ground by attending her husband's cabinet meetings and acting as his emissary to foreign heads of state during a 1977 solo mission to Central and South America. Expanding on her earlier work in mental health, Rosalynn chaired a Presidential Commission that spurred passage of the Mental Health Systems Act of 1977. And she worked for a variety of other causes, ranging from women's rights to the problems of the elderly to the plight of refugees in Thailand. After leaving the White House, she has continued her activism at the Carter Center in Atlanta.
Thirty-Ninth President
Jimmy Carter
Rosalynn Smith grew up in Plains, Georgia, the oldest of four children of an auto mechanic and a seamstress. After losing her father at 14, she helped shoulder the household burdens while still graduating valedictorian of her high school class. She spent one year at college, then wed Plains' Annapolis midshipman Jimmy Carter in 1946. Rosalynn loved being a Navy wife, living in new places and starting a family (she eventually had four children). She was crushed when Jimmy was called back to Plains in 1953 to run his family's peanut farm. But she pitched in at the office and eventually ran the operation while Jimmy rose in Georgia politics. When he became Governor in 1971, she led the effort to overhaul the state's mental health system. By the time he became President, the Carters were used to working as partners.
As First Lady Rosalynn broke new ground by attending her husband's cabinet meetings and acting as his emissary to foreign heads of state during a 1977 solo mission to Central and South America. Expanding on her earlier work in mental health, Rosalynn chaired a Presidential Commission that spurred passage of the Mental Health Systems Act of 1977. And she worked for a variety of other causes, ranging from women's rights to the problems of the elderly to the plight of refugees in Thailand. After leaving the White House, she has continued her activism at the Carter Center in Atlanta.
Thirty-Ninth President
Jimmy Carter
Anne Frances "Nancy" Davis Reagan; 1981-1989
Born: 1921
Nancy Reagan was born in Queens, New York, her father a salesman who left when she was two. Nancy lived with relatives until her mother, an actress who performed with touring shows, wed a physician and moved her daughter to his Chicago home. Adopted at 14 by her stepfather, Nancy majored in drama at Smith College, then landed roles on Broadway and later in Hollywood. There she met actor Ronald Reagan, a divorced father of two. They wed in 1952 and eventually had two children. Over time, Nancy swapped acting for domesticity while Ronald branched out into politics, becoming California Governor in 1967. Fourteen years later, his conservative message of less government and more enterprise struck a national chord and Americans elected him President at 69.
Nancy's initial image as First Lady was as a style setter, petite and immaculately dressed in designer clothes; decorating the White House; purchasing expensive china. But later she focused on substantive issues, especially drug abuse, telling young people to "just say no." Nancy was always protective of Ronald, but she became even more so after the attempt on his life. He trusted her and she wielded no small influence, encouraging his friendship with the Soviet leader Gorbachev. After Ronald retired and was stricken with Alzheimer's disease, Nancy became active in the search for a cure.
Fortieth President
Ronald W. Reagan
Nancy Reagan was born in Queens, New York, her father a salesman who left when she was two. Nancy lived with relatives until her mother, an actress who performed with touring shows, wed a physician and moved her daughter to his Chicago home. Adopted at 14 by her stepfather, Nancy majored in drama at Smith College, then landed roles on Broadway and later in Hollywood. There she met actor Ronald Reagan, a divorced father of two. They wed in 1952 and eventually had two children. Over time, Nancy swapped acting for domesticity while Ronald branched out into politics, becoming California Governor in 1967. Fourteen years later, his conservative message of less government and more enterprise struck a national chord and Americans elected him President at 69.
Nancy's initial image as First Lady was as a style setter, petite and immaculately dressed in designer clothes; decorating the White House; purchasing expensive china. But later she focused on substantive issues, especially drug abuse, telling young people to "just say no." Nancy was always protective of Ronald, but she became even more so after the attempt on his life. He trusted her and she wielded no small influence, encouraging his friendship with the Soviet leader Gorbachev. After Ronald retired and was stricken with Alzheimer's disease, Nancy became active in the search for a cure.
Fortieth President
Ronald W. Reagan
Barbara Pierce Bush; 1989 - 1993
Born: 1925
Barbara Pierce enjoyed a happy childhood in affluent Rye, New York. After boarding school and one year at Smith College, she wed high school beau George Bush in 1945, soon after the young naval pilot was shot down over the Pacific. Moving to Texas so George could enter the oil business, Barbara eventually had six children. When her daughter died in 1953, Barbara was shattered, but George helped her through. She was at his side when he went to Congress in 1967 and wherever else he went after that: U.N. Ambassador; Liaison to China; Republican National Committee chair; C.I.A. Director; Vice-President; and President.
Barbara loved her life in politics. In 1974 when China was just opening to outsiders, she explored Peking by bicycle and later lectured on the experience. She volunteered in local hospitals and aided the Republican party. Convinced that most social issues would resolve themselves if children were properly educated, Barbara launched a campaign to eradicate illiteracy when George became Vice-President. She brought the issue with her to the White House and gave it top priority. An enormously popular First Lady, Barbara was blessed with a wry sense of humor and complete self-confidence. She didn't mind her wrinkles or white hair; she loved being a grandmother. Above all, she was genteel, gracious, and discreet -- and for these qualities Americans admired her. Year after year, she led the President in the polls.
Forty-First President
George H.W. Bush
Barbara Pierce enjoyed a happy childhood in affluent Rye, New York. After boarding school and one year at Smith College, she wed high school beau George Bush in 1945, soon after the young naval pilot was shot down over the Pacific. Moving to Texas so George could enter the oil business, Barbara eventually had six children. When her daughter died in 1953, Barbara was shattered, but George helped her through. She was at his side when he went to Congress in 1967 and wherever else he went after that: U.N. Ambassador; Liaison to China; Republican National Committee chair; C.I.A. Director; Vice-President; and President.
Barbara loved her life in politics. In 1974 when China was just opening to outsiders, she explored Peking by bicycle and later lectured on the experience. She volunteered in local hospitals and aided the Republican party. Convinced that most social issues would resolve themselves if children were properly educated, Barbara launched a campaign to eradicate illiteracy when George became Vice-President. She brought the issue with her to the White House and gave it top priority. An enormously popular First Lady, Barbara was blessed with a wry sense of humor and complete self-confidence. She didn't mind her wrinkles or white hair; she loved being a grandmother. Above all, she was genteel, gracious, and discreet -- and for these qualities Americans admired her. Year after year, she led the President in the polls.
Forty-First President
George H.W. Bush
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton; 1993-2001
Born: 1947
The oldest child of a homemaker and a businessman, Hillary Rodham grew up in a comfortable Chicago suburb. A Goldwater Republican in the early 60's she became a Democrat at Wellesley College, where she was student body president and commencement speaker in 1968. At Yale Law School, she focused on children's issues and dated classmate Bill Clinton, a Rhodes scholar who aimed to be President. They wed in 1975 and had a daughter. While Bill pursued Arkansas politics, Hillary practiced at a Little Rock law firm. She supported his political ambitions and was a key advisor, chairing the state's Education Standards Committee when he was Governor.
As First Lady, Hillary initially assumed a high profile policy-making role, leading the Administration's 1994 effort at broad health care reform. When that failed, she turned to a more traditional "women's issue" -- the welfare of children and families. But her own marriage came under embarrassing public scrutiny when her husband was impeached for lying about his illicit relationship with a young intern. Whatever her marital woes, Hillary staunchly opposed the 1998 attempt to remove her husband from office. Then, when a Democratic Senator from New York announced he'd retire in 2001, Hillary established residency there, ran for the seat, and won -- becoming New York's first woman Senator and the only First Lady to win elective office.
Forty-Second President
William J. Clinton
The oldest child of a homemaker and a businessman, Hillary Rodham grew up in a comfortable Chicago suburb. A Goldwater Republican in the early 60's she became a Democrat at Wellesley College, where she was student body president and commencement speaker in 1968. At Yale Law School, she focused on children's issues and dated classmate Bill Clinton, a Rhodes scholar who aimed to be President. They wed in 1975 and had a daughter. While Bill pursued Arkansas politics, Hillary practiced at a Little Rock law firm. She supported his political ambitions and was a key advisor, chairing the state's Education Standards Committee when he was Governor.
As First Lady, Hillary initially assumed a high profile policy-making role, leading the Administration's 1994 effort at broad health care reform. When that failed, she turned to a more traditional "women's issue" -- the welfare of children and families. But her own marriage came under embarrassing public scrutiny when her husband was impeached for lying about his illicit relationship with a young intern. Whatever her marital woes, Hillary staunchly opposed the 1998 attempt to remove her husband from office. Then, when a Democratic Senator from New York announced he'd retire in 2001, Hillary established residency there, ran for the seat, and won -- becoming New York's first woman Senator and the only First Lady to win elective office.
Forty-Second President
William J. Clinton
Laura Welch Bush; 2001 to present
Born: 1947
When Laura Welch and George W. Bush were introduced at a dinner in Midland, Texas, they proved the theory that opposites attract. She was a reserved 30-year-old schoolteacher and librarian with a passion for books. He was a gregarious 31-year-old oilman who liked a good time. Within three months, they were wed. Like George, Laura had grown up in Midland, where her father was a homebuilder. But while George went east to study, Laura majored in education at SMU, then earned a masters in library science at the University of Texas. She led a largely private life as a wife and mother of twin daughters until her husband's gubernatorial win thrust her into the public eye.
As First Lady of Texas, Laura Bush focused on the cause of education. She launched an early childhood development initiative to help ready kids for school, and started the annual Texas Book Festival to raise money for public libraries. She used the statehouse to promote family literacy much as her mother-in-law, former First Lady Barbara Bush, used the White House. When George W. entered the 2000 Presidential race, Laura proved an able and popular campaigner, giving the opening address at the GOP convention. In the years since he was first elected, Laura has emerged as a strong, but discreet, First Lady, who wields no small influence as her husband's most trusted confidante. Calm, quiet and self-possessed, Laura Bush has been called her husband's "check and balance."
Forty-Third President
George W. Bush
When Laura Welch and George W. Bush were introduced at a dinner in Midland, Texas, they proved the theory that opposites attract. She was a reserved 30-year-old schoolteacher and librarian with a passion for books. He was a gregarious 31-year-old oilman who liked a good time. Within three months, they were wed. Like George, Laura had grown up in Midland, where her father was a homebuilder. But while George went east to study, Laura majored in education at SMU, then earned a masters in library science at the University of Texas. She led a largely private life as a wife and mother of twin daughters until her husband's gubernatorial win thrust her into the public eye.
As First Lady of Texas, Laura Bush focused on the cause of education. She launched an early childhood development initiative to help ready kids for school, and started the annual Texas Book Festival to raise money for public libraries. She used the statehouse to promote family literacy much as her mother-in-law, former First Lady Barbara Bush, used the White House. When George W. entered the 2000 Presidential race, Laura proved an able and popular campaigner, giving the opening address at the GOP convention. In the years since he was first elected, Laura has emerged as a strong, but discreet, First Lady, who wields no small influence as her husband's most trusted confidante. Calm, quiet and self-possessed, Laura Bush has been called her husband's "check and balance."
Forty-Third President
George W. Bush
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